Mu ntangiriro hari ijambo, kandi ijambo ryari ridasobanutse.
Ibyo biterwa nuko indorerwamo z'amaso zitaravumburwa.Niba warebaga kure, ukareba kure cyangwa ukagira astigmatism, wagize amahirwe.Ibintu byose byari bidasobanutse.
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 13 ni bwo havumbuwe lensisiti yo gukosora kandi ibintu biteye isoni, byari bisanzwe.Ariko abantu bafite icyerekezo kitari cyiza bakoze iki mbere yibyo?
Bakoze kimwe mu bintu bibiri.Bashobora gusezera kuberako badashobora kubona neza, cyangwa bakoze ibyo abantu bajijutse bahora bakora.
Bateje imbere.
Amadarubindi ya mbere yatunganijwe yari indorerwamo zizuba zigihe gito, cyubwoko.Inuits ya prehistoric yambaraga amahembe y'inzovu ya walrus imbere yabo kugirango bahagarike imirasire y'izuba.
I Roma ya kera, umwami w'abami Nero yafataga amabuye ya zeru imbere ye kugira ngo agabanye izuba igihe yitegereza gladiator zirwana.
Umwarimu we, Seneka, yirataga ko yasomye “ibitabo byose i Roma” abinyujije mu gikombe kinini cy'ikirahure cyuzuye amazi, cyanonosoye icapiro.Nta nyandiko yerekana niba ifi ya zahabu yabonye inzira.
Uku kwari ugutangiza lensisiti ikosora, yateye imbere, gato, muri Veneziya ahagana mu mwaka wa 1000 GC, igihe igikombe cya Seneca n'amazi (kandi birashoboka ko ari ifi ya zahabu) byasimbujwe umuringa wo hasi, ikirahure cya convex washyizwe hejuru yo gusoma ibikoresho, bibaye mubikorwa ikirahure cya mbere kinini kandi gifasha Sherlock Holmes wo mu Butaliyani bwo mu kinyejana cya mbere gukusanya ibimenyetso byinshi byo gukemura ibyaha.Aya "mabuye yo gusoma" yanemereye abihayimana gukomeza gusoma, kwandika, no kumurikira inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki nyuma yimyaka 40.
Abacamanza b'Abashinwa bo mu kinyejana cya 12 bambaraga ubwoko bw'amadarubindi y'izuba, bikozwe muri kristu ya quartz yumwotsi, ifatirwa imbere yabo kugira ngo imvugo yabo idashobora gutahurwa n'abatangabuhamya babajije, baha ikinyoma imyumvire ya "idasobanutse".Nubwo inkuru zimwe zivuga ku ngendo za Marco Polo mu Bushinwa nyuma yimyaka 100 zivuga ko yavuze ko yabonye abashinwa bageze mu za bukuru bambaye amadarubindi, izi konti zateshejwe agaciro nk’ibihimbano, kubera ko abasesenguye amakaye ya Marco Polo basanze ntaho bavuga amadarubindi.
Nubwo itariki nyayo itavugwaho rumwe, muri rusange hemejwe ko ijisho ryambere ryamaso yikosora ryavumbuwe mubutaliyani mugihe kiri hagati ya 1268 na 1300. Aya yari amabuye abiri yo gusoma (ibirahure byerekana) bifitanye isano na hinge iringaniye ku kiraro cya izuru.
Ibishushanyo byambere byumuntu wambaye ubu buryo bwamaso yindorerwamo biri murukurikirane rwamashusho yo hagati yikinyejana cya 14 rwakozwe na Tommaso da Modena, wagaragazaga abihayimana bakoresheje monocole kandi yambaye aya pince-nez yo hambere (igifaransa cyitwa "pinch izuru") kugirango asome no gukoporora inyandiko.
Kuva mu Butaliyani, iki gihangano gishya cyagejejwe mu bihugu “Hasi” cyangwa “Benelux” (Ububiligi, Ubuholandi, Luxembourg), Ubudage, Espagne, Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza.Ibirahuri byose byari lens ya convex yakuze ibyapa nibintu.Mu Bwongereza niho abahimbye indorerwamo z'amaso batangiye kwamamaza ibirahuri byo gusoma nk'impano ku barengeje imyaka 40. Mu 1629 hashyizweho Isosiyete yo Kuramya yo Gusenga Spectacle Makers, ifite iyi nteruro igira iti: “Umugisha ku bageze mu za bukuru”.
Iterambere rikomeye ryabaye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16, igihe hashyirwaho uturemangingo twa papa Leo X. utareba kure. Noneho indorerwamo z'amaso yo kureba kure no kureba kure zariho.Nyamara, izi verisiyo zose za kare zamadarubindi yazanye ikibazo gikomeye - ntabwo zaguma mumaso yawe.
Abakora indorerwamo z'amaso yo muri Esipanye bahambiriye ku budodo bw'ubudodo ku mwenda kandi bahinduranya ku matwi.Igihe ibyo birahure byinjizwaga mu Bushinwa n'abamisiyonari b'Abesipanyoli n'Abataliyani, Abashinwa bajugunye igitekerezo cyo kuzunguza amababi ku matwi.Bahambiriye uburemere buke kugeza kumpera yimyenda kugirango bagume kumatwi.Hanyuma, umuganga w’amaso w’i Londres, Edward Scarlett, mu 1730 yaremye integuza yintwaro zurusengero zigezweho, inkoni ebyiri zikomeye zifatanije ninzira kandi zihagarara hejuru yamatwi.Nyuma yimyaka 22, uwashushanyaga amadarubindi James Ayscough yatunganije amaboko yurusengero, yongeraho impeta kugirango zishobore kuzunguruka.Yashushanyijeho kandi lens zose zicyatsi cyangwa ubururu, atari ukugira ngo zibe indorerwamo zizuba, ariko kubera ko yatekerezaga ko ayo mabara nayo yafashaga kunoza icyerekezo.
Ibishya bikurikiraho mumadarubindi yazanwe no kuvumbura bifocal.Nubwo amasoko menshi akunze kuvuga ko Benjamin Franklin yahimbye ibice bibiri, hagati ya 1780, ingingo yo kurubuga rwa koleji ya Optometriste ibaza iki kirego isuzuma ibimenyetso byose bihari.Isoza mu buryo bw'agateganyo ko bishoboka cyane ko bifocals zavumbuwe mu Bwongereza mu myaka ya za 1760, kandi ko Franklin yababonye aho maze ategeka bombi.
Inshingano yo guhimba ibice bibiri kuri Franklin birashoboka cyane ko bituruka ku kwandikirana n'inshuti,George Whatley.Mu ibaruwa imwe, Franklin yisobanura ko “yishimiye guhimbwa indorerwamo ebyiri, zikorera ibintu bya kure kimwe n'ibiri hafi, bituma amaso yanjye angira akamaro nk'uko byahoze.”
Ariko, Franklin ntabwo yigeze avuga ko yabahimbye.Whatley, wenda yatewe inkunga n'ubumenyi bwe no gushimira Franklin nk'umuhimbyi wimbitse, mu gisubizo cye avuga ko inshuti ye yahimbye.Abandi barafashe bariruka hamwe nibi kugeza ubu byemewe ko Franklin yahimbye ibice bibiri.Niba hari undi muntu wahimbye nyirizina, iki kintu cyatakaye imyaka.
Itariki ikurikiraho mumateka yindorerwamo zamaso ni 1825, mugihe umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’ikirere w’icyongereza George Airy yaremye lensike ya silindrike ya conge ikosora astigmatism ye itareba kure.Trifocals yahise ikurikiraho, mu 1827. Ibindi bintu byabaye mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18 cyangwa mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19 ni monocole, itigeze ihoraho iteka ku mico Eustace Tilley, uri i New Yorker icyo Alfred E. Neuman ari cyo Ikinyamakuru Mad Magazine, na lorgnette, indorerwamo z'amaso ku nkoni izahindura umuntu wese uyambaye mo dowager ako kanya.
Ibirahuri bya Pince-nez, uribuka, byatangijwe hagati yikinyejana cya 14 rwagati muri izo verisiyo zo hambere zashizwe ku mazuru y'abihayimana.Bongeye kugaruka nyuma yimyaka 500, bakunzwe na Teddy Roosevelt, machismo "ikaze kandi yiteguye" yanze ishusho yikirahure nkibisanzwe.
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, nubwo, ibirahuri bya pince-nez byasimbuwe mu kwamamara n'ibirahuri byambarwa, kurindira, aba star ba firime, birumvikana.Umukinnyi wa firime wicecekeye Harold Lloyd, wabonye yimanitse hejuru yikirere mugihe ufashe amaboko yisaha nini, yambaraga ibirahuri byuzuye, ibirahuri byuzuye uruziga byahindutse umujinya, igice kuko basubizaga amaboko yurusengero kumurongo.
Bifocal yahujwe, itezimbere muburyo bwa Franklin muguhuza intera ndende- hamwe n’iyerekwa hamwe, byatangijwe mu 1908. Indorerwamo zizuba zamenyekanye cyane mu myaka ya za 1930, igice kubera ko akayunguruzo ko kuzengurutsa urumuri rw’izuba cyavumbuwe mu 1929, bituma amadarubindi yizuba gukuramo ultraviolet n'umucyo utagira urumuri.Indi mpamvu yo kwamamara kwizuba ryizuba ni ukubera ko aba star ba firime nziza bafotowe bambaye.
Gukenera guhuza amadarubindi yizuba kugirango abapilote bintambara ya kabiri yisi yose bakenereuburyo bwa aviator bwamadarubindi.Iterambere muri plastiki ryatumaga amakadiri akorwa mumabara atandukanye, kandi uburyo bushya bwibirahuri kubagore, bwitwa injangwe-ijisho kubera impande zombi zo hejuru, byahinduye amadarubindi yerekana imyambarire y'abagore.
Ku rundi ruhande, indorerwamo z'amaso y'abagabo mu myaka ya za 40 na 50 yakundaga kuba amakariso ya zahabu azengurutswe, ariko usibye, nk'imiterere ya kare ya Buddy Holly, hamwe n'udusimba twa James Dean.
Hamwe nimyambarire yerekana amadarubindi yagendaga ahinduka, iterambere mubuhanga bwikoranabuhanga rya lens ryazanye rubanda rugenda rutera imbere (ibirahuri bidafite umurongo wa kirahure) kubantu 1959 muri shitingi.
Amashanyarazi ya plastiki ya plastike, ahinduka umwijima mu zuba ryinshi kandi akongera kugaragara neza ku zuba, yatangiye kuboneka mu mpera za 1960.Muri kiriya gihe bitwaga "ifoto imvi", kubera ko iryo ari ryo bara ryonyine binjiye. Ifoto yerekana imvi yaboneka mu kirahure gusa, ariko mu myaka ya za 90 yabonetse muri plastiki, kandi mu kinyejana cya 21 ubu baraboneka muri amabara atandukanye.
Imisusire yijisho iraza ikagenda, kandi nkuko bikunze kugaragara mumyambarire, ibintu byose bishaje amaherezo biba bishya.Akarorero kerekana: Ibirahuri bikozwe muri zahabu kandi bitagira umurongo byahoze bikunzwe.Ubu si byinshi.Kurenza urugero, ibirahuri binini bikozwe mu nsinga byatoneshwaga mu myaka ya za 70.Ubu si byinshi.Noneho, ibirahuri bya retro mumyaka 40 ishize bitakunzwe, nka kare, amahembe-rim hamwe nikirahure cyumurongo, bigenga optique.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-14-2023